王筱竹,Joseph Osunde,Danny Barthaud,Yijun Yu

• 1:国家开放大学文法教学部
• 2:英国开放大学STEM计算与通讯系

摘要(Abstract)：

由于对计算机科学和职业的陌生和畏惧,技术落伍群体认识不到与真实世界之间存在的联系,使得将计算机程序设计教学普及到这些群体成为近年来的一项挑战。英国开放大学等机构通过使用技术手段设计开发教育类游戏等方式在STEM领域扩大学生参与度,使技术落伍群体(包括很多女性)提高对计算机编程的兴趣。本文使用以亚马逊语音技能工具包(ASK)为代表的人工智能工具,让学生通过语音会话式交互学习程序设计技术,探讨了如何把序列性会话转换为层次性决策树驱动的交互会话,提供了一种基于知识图谱的教学法,通过个人软件助理——"大声说程序"(Ask Program Aloud)引导人机对话。通过具体案例和用户参与,定性评估了使用"大声说程序"发起对话这个方法的有效性。结果表明,人工智能确实能够提升参与者对学习计算机编程技能的兴趣,既可以支持目前单向会话形式的计算机编程教学,也可以鼓励技术相对落伍的学习者群体获得计算机编程能力,进一步提高社交友好性和技能转化能力。

关键词(KeyWords)： 人工智能;语音技能工具包;“大声说程序”;交互编程;会话式编程;计算机辅助教学;动画;数字游戏

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 英国开放大学eSTEeM基金对Ask Program Aloud和Learner Gender Diversity项目的资助;; ERC Advanced Grant on Adaptive Security and Privacy的财政支持

作者(Author): 王筱竹,Joseph Osunde,Danny Barthaud,Yijun Yu

DOI: 10.13541/j.cnki.chinade.20180808.008

参考文献(References)：

• Aleven,V.,Roll,I.,McLaren,B.M.,&Koedinger,K.R.(2016).Help helps,but only so much:Research on help seeking with intelligent tutoring systems.International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education,26,(1),205-223.
• Amazon:Alexa Skills Kit.Retrieved from https://developer.amazon.com/alexa-skills-kit
• Bayraktar,S.(2001).A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of computerassisted instruction in science education.Journal of Research on Technology in Education,34,(2),173-188.
• Beck,J.,Stern,M.,&Haugsjaa,E.(1996).Applications of AI in Education.Crossroads,3,(1),11-15.
• Boyle,E.,Connolly,T.M.,&Hainey,T.(2011).The role of psychology in understanding the impact of computer games.Entertainment Computing,2,(2),69-74.
• Carbonaro,M.,Szafron,D.,Cutumisu,M.,&Schaeffer,J.(2010).Computer-game construction:A gender-neutral attractor to Computing Science.Computers&Education,55,(3),1098-1111.
• Carbonell,J.(1970).AI in CAI:An artificial-intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction.IEEE transactions on man-machine systems,11,(4),190-202.
• Christmann,P.E.,&Badgett,L.J.(2003).A meta-analytic comparison of the effects of computer-assisted instruction on elementary students.academic achievement.Information Technology in Childhood Education Annual,1,91-104.
• De Jean,J.,Upitis,R.,Koch,C.,&Young,J.(1999).The story of‘Phoenix Quest.:How girls respond to a prototype language and mathematics computer game.Gender and Education,11,(2),207-223.
• Denner,J.,Werner,L.,&Ortiz,E.(2012).Computer games created by middle school girls:Can they be used to measure understanding of computer science concepts?.Computers&Education,58,(1),240-249.
• Doane,D.P.,&Seward,L.E.(2011).Measuring skewness:a forgotten statistic.Journal of Statistics Education,19,(2),1-18.
• Esper,S.,Foster,R.S.,&Griswold,G.W.(2013).On the nature of fires and how to spark them when you.re not there.In Proceeding of the44th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education(pp.305-310).ACM.
• Ferguson,C.J.,&Olson,C.K.(2013).Friends,fun,frustration and fantasy:Child motivations for video game play.Motivation and Emotion,37,(1),154-164.
• Hamari,J.,Koivisto,J.,&Sarsa,H.(2014).Does gamification work?Aliterature review of empirical studies on gamification.In Proceedings of the 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
• Harteveld,C.,Smith,G.,Carmichael,G.,Gee,E.,&Stewart-Gardiner,C.(2014).A design-focused analysis of games teaching computer science.Proceedings of Games+Learning+Society,10.
• Hartmann,T.,&Klimmt,C.(2006).Gender and computer games:Exploring females.dislikes.Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication,11,(4),910-931.
• Hindl,A.,Barr,T.E.,Su,Z.,Gabel,M.,&Devanbu,P.(2012).On the naturalness of software.In Software Engineering(ICSE),2012 34th International Conference on IEEE,837-847.
• Huang,W.H.D.,Hood,D.W.,&Yoo,S.J.(2013).Gender divide and acceptance of collaborative Web 2.0 applications for learning in higher education.The Internet and Higher Education,16,57-65.
• Jonassen,D.H.,&Reeves,T.C.(1996).Learning with technology:Using computers as cognitive tools.Handbook of research for educational communications and technology(pp.693-719).
• Ke,F.,&Grabowski,B.(2007).Gameplaying for maths learning:cooperative or not?.British Journal of Educational Technology,38,(2),249-259.
• Kelleher,C.,&Pausch,R.(2007).Using storytelling to motivate programming.Communications of the ACM,50,(7),58-64.
• Koffman,B.E.(1972).Generative Computer Assisted Instruction:An Application of Artificial Intelligence to CAI.
• Koivisto,J.,&Hamari,J.(2014).Demographic differences in perceived benefits from gamification.Computers in Human Behavior,35,179-188.
• Koza,R.J.,Bennett,H.F.,Andre,D.,&Keane,A.M.(1996).Automated design of both the topology and sizing of analog electrical circuits using genetic programming.In Artificial Intelligence in Design.96(pp.151-170).Springer,Dordrecht.
• Kulik,A.J.,&Fletcher,J.D.(2016).Effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems:a meta-analytic review.Review of Educational Research,86,(1),42-78.
• Lapouchnian,A.,Yu,Y.,Liaskos,S.,&Mylopoulos,J.(2006).Requirements-driven design of autonomic application software.In Proceedings of the 2006 conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative research.IBM Corp.
• Lowyck,J.(2014).Bridging learning theories and technology-enhanced environments:A critical appraisal of its history.In Handbook of research on educational communications and technology(pp.3-20).Springer,New York,NY.
• Mc Laren,B.M.,Adams,D.M.,Mayer,R.E.,&Forlizzi,J.(2017).Acomputer-based game that promotes mathematics learning more than a conventional approach.International Journal of Game-Based Learning(IJGBL),7,(1),36-56.
• Mekler,E.D.,Brühlmann,F.,Tuch,A.N.,&Opwis,K.(2017).Towards understanding the effects of individual gamification elements on intrinsic motivation and performance.Computers in Human Behavior,71,525-534.
• Michalski,R.S.,Carbonell,J.G.,&Mitchell,T.M.(2013).Machine learning:An artificial intelligence approach.Springer Science&Business Media.
• Mikolov,T.,Joulin,A.,&Baroni,M.(2016).A roadmap towards machine intelligence.In International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics(pp.29-61).Springer,Cham.
• Osunde,J.,Windall,G.,Bacon,L.,&Mackinnon,L.(2015).An investigation of digital games features that appeal to young females and males.In European conference on games based learning.Academic Conferences International Limited,694.
• Overmars,M.(2004).Teaching computer science through game design.Computer,37,(4),81-83.
• Papastergiou,M.(2009).Digital game-based learning in high school computer science education.Computers&Education,52,(1),1-12.
• Possler,D.,Klimmt,C.,Schlütz,D.,&Walkenbach,J.(2017).A Mature Kind of Fun?Exploring Silver Gamers.Motivation to Play Casual Games-Results from a Large-Scale Online Survey,In International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population(pp.280-295).Springer,Cham.July.
• Powell,A.,Dainty,A.,&Bagilhole,B.(2012).Gender stereotypes among women engineering and technology students in the UK:lessons from career choice narratives,European Journal of Engineering Education,37,(6),541-556.
• Przybylski,A.K.,Weinstein,N.,Murayama,K.,Lynch,M.F.,&Ryan,R.M.(2012).The Ideal Self at Play The Appeal of Video Games That Let You Be All You Can Be.Psychological science,23,(1),69-76.
• Ratan,R.A.,Taylor,N.,Hogan,J.,Kennedy,T.,&Williams,D.(2015).Stand by your man:An examination of gender disparity in League of Legends.Games and Culture,10,(5),438-462.
• Razali,N.M.,&Wah,Y.B.(2011).Power comparisons of shapiro-wilk,kolmogorov-smirnov,lilliefors and anderson-darling tests.Journal of statistical modeling and analytics,2,(1),21-33.
• Robertson,J.(2012).Making games in the classroom:Benefits and gender concerns.Computers&Education,59,(2),385-398.
• Russell,J.S.,&Norvig,P.(2016).Artificial intelligence:a modern approach.Pearson Education Limited,Malaysia.
• Samuel,L.A.(1959).Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers.IBM Journal of research and development,3,(3),210-229.
• Shen,C.,Ratan,R.,Cai,Y.D.,&Leavitt,A.(2016).Do men advance faster than women?Debunking the gender performance gap in two massively multiplayer online games.Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication,21,(4),312-329.
• United States National Library of Medicine.NICHSR:National Information Center on Health Services Research and Health Care Technology.Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/hta101/ta101014.html
• Van Deemter,K.,Krenn,B.,Piwek,P.,Klesen,M.,Schr?der,M.,&Baumann,S.(2008).Fully generated scripted dialogue for embodied agents.Artificial intelligence,172,(10),1219-1244.
• Van Lehn,K.(2006).The behavior of tutoring systems.International journal of artificial intelligence in education,16,(3),227-265.
• Van Lehn,K.(2011).The relative effectiveness of human tutoring,intelligent tutoring systems,and other tutoring systems.Educational Psychologist,46,(4),197-221.
• Wang,X.,Schneider,C.,&Valacich,J.S.(2012).Fine-tuning group collaboration environments:how differences in general causality orientation and performance targets shape interaction and performance.In System Science(HICSS),2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on(pp.553-561).IEEE.
• Wenger,E.(2014).Artificial intelligence and tutoring systems:computational and cognitive approaches to the communication of knowledge.Morgan Kaufmann.
• Wu,W.C.V.,Yen,L.L.,&Marek,M.(2011).Using online EFL interaction to increase confidence,motivation,and ability.Journal of Educational Technology&Society,14,(3),118-129.
• Young,J.,&Upitis,R.(1999).The microworld of Phoenix Quest:Social and cognitive considerations.Education and Information Technologies,4,(4),391-408.
• Yu,Y.,&Wang,X.(2017).Ask Programs Aloud:Making Programming Concepts Naturally Accessible at a Distance.In World Conference on Online Learning-Teaching in a Digital Age,Rethinking Teaching and Learning.
• Yu,Y.,Thein,T.T.,&Bashar,N.(2011).Specifying and detecting meaningful changes in programs.Proceedings of the 2011 26th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering.IEEE Computer Society.